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Demokrati och expertstyre


Det talas allt oftare om "demokratins kris". Valdeltagandet sjunker och de politiska partierna tappar medlemmar. Förtroendet för de politiska institutionerna minskar alltmedan politikens former förändras: vi ser att privata aktörer får allt större inflytande samtidigt som allt fler politiska avgöranden flyttas från traditionella beslutsfattande organ till expertgrupper. Kan vi tala om en förskjutning från demokrati till expertstyre? Det är denna fråga som Fronesis nr 29-30 tar avstamp i.

Det ökade expertstyret märks särskilt tydligt på områden som kräver särskild fackkunskap, till exempel miljöfrågor och genteknik. Statsvetaren Åsa Knaggård skriver om den svenska klimatdiskussionen och konstaterar att frågan om klimatförändringar präglas av vetenskaplig osäkerhet, vilket får såväl vetenskapliga som politiska följder. Med utgångspunkt i kärnavfallsproblematiken diskuterar sociologerna Rolf Lidskog och Göran Sundqvist hur förhållandet mellan expertkunskap och politik kan demokratiseras. Både Knaggård och Lidskog/Sundqvist visar på hur miljöfrågor tenderar att avpolitiseras genom att flyttas från politiken till vetenskapen. Men eftersom frågor av detta slag inte bara är komplicerade, utan även starkt värdeladdade, kräver de just en politisk lösning.

Flera av numrets texter berör ett klassiskt demokratiteoretiskt dilemma: Vilka bör styra? Experterna eller folket? Det vore lätt att tolka det minskade valdeltagandet som politiskt ointresse och minskat stöd för demokratin. Denna slutsats är dock inte riktig – undersökningar från stora delar av världen visar att demokratin som ideal har starkare folkligt stöd än någonsin. Frågan blir därför hur experternas ökade inflytande kan hanteras.

Den amerikanske statsvetaren Frank Fischer utgår från att experter är nödvändiga i politiken, men försöker tilldela dem en roll där de förutom att tillhandahålla vetenskaplig kunskap kan stödja medborgarna i deras politiska deltagande. Fischer landar i en deliberativ modell, det vill säga en idé om att demokratiskt deltagande växer fram i överläggningar mellan olika aktörer. Gentemot ett sådant demokratiideal menar Iris Marion Young att dessa överläggningar – så länge som de äger rum inom ramen för dagens politiska institutioner – kommer att kontrolleras av dem som redan befinner sig i maktställning.

I Fronesis nummer 29-30 medverkar även Theodor W. Adorno, Carina Listerborn, Michael Walzer, Helmut Willke med flera.


 



Published 2009-06-09


Original in Swedish
© Fronesis
© Eurozine
 

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